Home Finance Page 13

Finance

Perkins Loan

Perkins Loan



What is a Perkins Loan?
A Perkins loan is a lower interest, needs based loan for college education offered by the federal government.  There are a number of reasons why the Perkins loan is an attractive option for financing a college education, not the least of which is deferred payment until after graduation, a low and fixed interest rate and eligibility for federal loan cancellation and consolidation.
What are the terms of a Perkins loan?
The Perkins loan has a fixed interest rate of 5% and has a repayment grace period of nine months after graduation or falling below half-time student status.  In the meanwhile, interest does not accrue on the loan until the loan begins to be repaid by the borrower.  The current limits for undergraduate students are $5,500 per year, up to $27,500 maximum.  Graduate students may borrow up to $8,000 per year, up to a limit of $60,000 that includes undergraduate Perkins loans.  The limitations and amounts are subject to the actual needs of the student and other aid received by the student.  You will need to repay this loan within 10 years, depending on the amount owed.  
How is a Perkins loan disbursed?
This loan is disbursed through the student’s school.  The school receives a certain amount of funds for Perkins loans through the US Department of Education.  The fund is then replenished through payments made by others that have Perkins loans in addition to occasional payments by the federal government for loan cancellations.  The school determines how the loans are disbursed, screens students for eligibility and will reflect the loans when billing the student or pay the student via check.  
How do I apply for a Perkins loan?
You must be able to demonstrate financial need as Perkins loans are limited and will only be given to those students that qualify.  You may need to consider other loan arrangements if you do not qualify for this needs-based loan.  To be considered for eligibility on a Perkins loan, one must submit a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) as early as possible.  As Perkins loans are limited, there is no guarantee that those that are eligible will receive a loan as these funds are limited.  You should check with your school’s financial aid office to determine if your school is one of the 1,700 institutions that received federal Perkins loan funding.  You will need to sign a promissory note ensuring that you will repay the loan according to the terms of the agreement.
What are the benefits of a Perkins loan to other student loans?
The Perkins loan interest rate is comparatively lower than the interest rates for other student loans.  Student loans have generally high interest rates due the money being borrowed in a short period of time for a specific purpose, when compared to a long term home or auto loan.  Interest does not accrue on the student loan with the student is still in school and many other loans would contain this provision, putting pressure on the student to graduate quickly and being repayment.  
You will not be able to discharge any student loan, especially those made by private lenders, but you may deferred payments on a Perkins loan if you demonstrate sufficient hardship.
What happens if I need to defer my Perkins loan?
As Perkins loans are disbursed by schools, you should contact your school immediately to request a deferral.  Failure to make payments on the loan will result in penalties.
Can my Perkins loan be cancelled?
The federal government will forgive some student loan debt under certain conditions.  Those with a Perkins loan that teach full time in low income schools, teach subjects that there are a shortage of teachers (mathematics, science, foreign languages, or bilingual education) or volunteer for the Peace Corps may have their loans cancelled by the following schedule:
15 percent canceled per year for the first and second years of service,
20 percent canceled for the third and fourth years, and
30 percent canceled for the fifth year.
Up to 100% of the Perkins loan, including interest can be cancelled through this program.
Can I consolidate my Perkins loan?
You may, but be aware that you will lose the previously state cancellation benefits if you choose loan consolidation.
Consolidation is not necessarily beneficial unless the student has other subsidized loans with higher interest rates.  Federal Student Loan Consolidation takes the weighted average of the loan rates and then extends the term, based on the preference of the debtor.  This term can be anywhere from 10 – 30 years.  The average rates are rounded up to the nearest 1/8 of a percentage and capped at 8.25%.
This grants the student financial flexibility in repayment, even if the amount repaid will be higher due to the longer term.  In many cases though, the lower interest rate ends up saving the student money.  
There are a number of pitfalls in federal student loan consolidation, such as picking a 30 year repayment, which will cost the student dearly in interest payments.  Additionally, the fixed interest rate at 8.25% is much higher than the Perkins loan 5%, so consolidation should only occur if the student also has Stafford, PLUS or other loans that need repayment.
How does a Perkins loan affect my credit worthiness?
Education loans are considered “good debt” as it represents an investment into ones earning potential.  The student’s credit score will not be impacted as long as this debt is repaid by the terms agreed upon with the school.
All federal subsidized loans lack an early repayment penalty, allowing the student to repay extra on the principal with every payment to reduce the amount of interest that will be accrued on the principal.  If you can afford early repayment, it is in your best interest to do so.

Equity Market

Equity Market

Equity Market is a financial term that refers to any open trading market of stocks, bonds, derivatives, or any other number of financial investment instruments.  An equity market is more commonly referred to as a “stock market”.  Various equity markets operate throughout the world and have become a key process of modern business ownership.  A stock is a small ownership stake in a company.  
Globally, the value of all stocks and derivatives is currently estimated at over $800 Trillion.  The largest stock market in the world is the New York Stock Exchange.  The following are just some of the world’s stock exchanges:
1. The Toronto Stock Exchange (Canada).
2. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange.
3. The London Stock Exchange (Britain).
4. The Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan).
5. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange (People’s Republic of China).
On each stock market, stocks are listed and traded on a daily basis.  Individual people, investment companies, or other corporations can freely exchange stocks, usually at the prevailing price at the time of sale.  Other forms of trading can also occur, including short selling, margin buying, or any number of methods of buying, selling, and trading stocks.  
In order to invest in a stock market, you must be registered with the exchanged or employ a broker to trade on your behalf.  
1. Traditionally, brokers have been brick and mortar institutions that required their clients to physically contact a broker to place orders on the stock market.  
2. New technology has lead to the proliferation of online brokerage accounts, which allow clients to access their accounts anywhere in the world and seek trades at any time from their computer.  
Physical exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange, exists in a centralized location and requires floor brokers to enter orders and work with other brokers in order to establish trades for their clients.  Now, virtual stock exchanges are possible, such as the NASDAQ, where all trades occur over a connected computer network.  This still requires that brokers trade the stocks, however they no longer are in a centralized location.  
In order to get listed in an equity market, a business must “ go public”.  Going public refers to the selling of stock in the company to the general public, which raises money for the company while diluting ownership to numerous stockholders.  In order to get listed, a company must do the following:
1. First, the company must conduct a process of “due diligence”, in which all aspects of the company are investigated to determine an accurate value.
2. Once a value is assigned, a specific number of shares are sold through an “Initial Public Offering”, in which the stocks are sold at an initial price.
3. Once the IPO is initiated, the company goes public on an opening date, in which its stock value will go up and down according to the daily trading value.   

FOREX Trading System Explained

FOREX Trading System ExplainedWhat is a FOREX Trading System?

A FOREX Trading System is a methodological and strategic instrument that exists within the realm of FOREX Trading, which is a colloquialism for ‘Foreign Exchange Trading’.

FOREX Defined

In order to properly define the meaning of a FOREX Trading System, the notion of FOREX must be clarified. The term FOREX is an abbreviation that has been adopted on a common level within the industry of FOREX Trading and Exchanging; in essence, FOREX is a combination of the two words that comprise the nature of its innate process and meaning – Foreign Exchange. The notion of FOREX is widely-known as the rate of currency facilitated within the commercial exchange – or trade – of monetary systems on an international level.

How is FOREX Trading System Created?


An individual FOREX Trading System can be structured as a result of a variety of ideologies with regard to the events occurring within the boundaries of individual countries or nations; these events and circumstances may be financial, commercial, and economic in nature – the fluctuation of any or all of these events will typically dictate the valuation process, implicit exchange rate, and appropriate FOREX Trading System employed with regard to that country’s respective currency.
Due to the fact that there exist a variety of currency systems currently in circulation, there exists a variation with regard to the respective valuation of each, individual currency system in conjunction to the value of other currency systems; while certain foreign currencies may fluctuate in tandem with coinciding currencies, other currency systems will experience fluctuation isolated of peripheral currency systems.
Currency systems are considered to be primarily reliant on the stasis of the economy belonging to a particular country or nation; individual countries or nations undergoing financial and economic prosperity may experience increased valuation with regard to their respective currency – conversely, countries or nations undergoing economic or financial instability may experience a severe decline in their respective exchange rate.
Types of FOREX Trading Systems

As per the notion of employing a functional FOREX Trading System, individuals are encouraged to investigate the prospective advantages and disadvantages latent within the FOREX Trading System available to them; currently, 2 FOREX Trading Systems are widely considered to be the primary methodologies undertaken:


Fundamental FOREX Trading System
A Fundamental FOREX Trading System is a system of currency exchange analysis that involves an individual conducting investment activity as per the respective stasis of the economy belonging to the country or nation in question; upon exploration and investigation of financial trends and economic behavior latent within a specific country, a Fundamental FOREX Trading System may afford an individual expansive knowledge with regard to the anticipation of exchange rate trends.


Technical FOREX Trading System
In contrast with a FundamentalFOREX Trading System, a Technical FOREX Trading System consists of the applied investigation and analysis of trends latent strictly within the valuation patterns of the currency system in question; this type of FOREX trading system focuses on the monetary system in lieu of the economic behavior illustrated by that individual country or nation.

How To Make Money

How To Make Money

One of the biggest issues that surround peoples thoughts is how to make money.  Whether you are poor, middle class, or wealthy the idea of increasing your wealth is something that every individual is interested in.  Making money is not exclusively within the realm of your income; however, the more income your family has the more opportunity you have to increase your wealth.  However, any financial adviser will tell you that the salary from your job should not be considered your income.  Your salary from your job should be a tool in making your income.

Eliminating Unnecessary Debt
The first step in how to make money is to eliminate your unnecessary debt.  This includes credit cards, unnecessary luxury items, and any other debts that you can live without.  Paying off your credit cards should be your first step in how to make money.  If you have a balance on your credit card of $3,500 you can expect a monthly interest fee of between $50 – $75.  If you  have any hopes of increasing your wealth it is imperative that you eliminate this debt.  The interest rates that you are charged on a credit card are higher than any other interest rate that you will be subjected to and finding an asset that will counteract that interest is slim.  
When first learning how to make money it should be your number one job to eliminate this expense.  Every month you get a statement you should make it your job to pay the monthly interest rate and, in addition, pay down your debt in a way that is reasonable for you and will allow you to pay down your debt within a reasonable period of time.  
In addition, you will want to eliminate any unnecessary luxury items.  Most millionaires did not become that way by driving the newest model car.  Millionaires mad their wealth by driving used Toyota Camry’s and using the money they saved from the difference to invest in interest bearing, lucrative investments.  If you are leasing an expensive automobile; unless you need it for your job, such as sales, then you should consider ending your lease at the nearest opportunity and opting for a moderately priced, reliable, vehicle.  
It is the elimination of these unnecessary debts that will allow you to garner the extra savings that you need in order to make money.  The old adage stands true, “it takes money to make money.” If you are constantly making payments on credit card interest and paying monthly bills for unnecessary, and unaffordable, luxury items then you will not have that opportunity.  
When you eliminate these expenses you should consider them, not to be extra money, but rather pretend like the debt was never eliminated.  If you take the money that you would have spent on theses unnecessary expenses, put it in a savings account and forget about it then you will be surprised how quickly that money will accumulate.  Within a short period, around a year or so, you should have the capital to start investing properly and begin your journey to prosperity.

Building Credit
At the same time that you are eliminating your unnecessary debt you should also be building your credit.  Whether you have good credit or not it is an important step how to make money that you have the highest credit score you can maintain.  
There are numerous advantages to having a good credit score.  They include: getting lower interest rates on your credit cards; cash or travel rewards on credit cards; high credit limits; and maybe the most important aspect of having good credit is that it will give you the ability to qualify for, and pay lower interest rates, for home, car, and personal loans as well as lower insurance rates.
Lending institutions look at your credit score in analyzing the risk involved in lending you money.  The higher your credit score the lower the risk that the lending institution will feel in lending you money.  When a lending institution is comfortable with the idea that you are a low risk lendee it will reward you by requiring you to pay a lower interest rate on a loan.  
When learning how to make money you will want to learn how to build good credit.  There are a few easy ways to do this.  First, you want to pay your bills on time.  Any history of late payments, actions taken by collection agencies, and especially bankruptcy will be a “black mark” on your credit report and make a lending institution wary as to whether you are a risk.  Don’t use too many, or too few, credit cards.  Most experts point out that you should have between 2 to 4 credit cards that you should use.  You are in the best position to show your lending institution that you have good credit by having a history of paying your bills on time.  If you have more than one credit card it will increase the amount of positive history that will show up on your credit history.  You should also periodically review your credit history.  This can be done by going to a credit reporting agency.  Be sure that you view credit reports from all three credit reporting agencies; Experion, TransUnion, and Equifax.  This information should be checked at least once a year and any discrepencies should be reported to the credit agency and maybe even further.  Having an unauthorized charge, or charges, can be a sign of identity theft; which can be devastating to your credit.

How To Use Credit Cards
It may sound contradictory to what was mentioned in the first part of this article on how to make money but you will need to maintain the use of your credit card.  The only way for credit reporting agencies and and lending institutions to analyze whether you are a risk or not is to follow your spending and whether or not you meet your payment obligations.  If you never use your credit card you will not be inputting positive information into your credit history.  Although you will want to eliminate your unnecessary debt and interest rates initially you will want to maintain the use of your credit card as a tool to build your credit.  There are some tips to follow when using your credit card to build credit.
First, credit reporting agencies and lending institutions will not only be able to see what your balance is and whether or not you are making your payments but they will also be able have information on what kind of items you are using your credit, and debit card, for.  Many can think that this is an unscrupulous behavior on the part of the lending institutions but it is a viable way of analyzing what kind of individual the lending institution is dealing with.  For that reason you should use your credit card for expenses such as groceries, car payments, utilities, book stores, and other “positive” expenses.  In contrast, you should avoid using your credit, or debit card for “negative” expenses such as alcohol, cigarettes, or any other expense that may be deemed a “bad trait.” If you need to purchase “negative” items you should use cash so that there is no tracking of what your “negative” expenses.
Secondly, when using your credit card you want to use the card as much as possible to build your credit while still maintaining low, to zero, interest payments.  How is this done?  The best way to accomplish this is by looking at your credit card, not as a tool for when you don’t have cash in your bank account, but as a tool in the alternative.  If it is possible to do so you, should only maintain a balance on your credit card that you will be able to pay off at the end of the month through your checking account.  By doing this you will be showing the credit reporting agencies, and lending institutions, that you make your payments on time yet, at the same time, not incurring many, if any, interest charges.

Investing Your Money
After you have eliminated your debt, built your credit score, and accumulated enough savings it is time to start putting your money to work for you.  There are many ways to make money and how to make money can take many different forms.  You have the option of stocks, bonds, real estate, business opportunities, mutual funds, etc.  This is where all that work you spent paying down your debt and building your savings and credit will come in handy.
The safest bet for investing, especially when investing for beginners, is to look into bonds.  Bonds are certificates that are issued by corporations and government entities that signify a debt that the issuer owes the investor.  These investments are often considered the safest, especially when you are investing in U.S. Savings bonds.  Savings bonds operate in a reverse creditor situation where you are the creditor and the issuer of the bond is the debtor.  In exchange for your investment the issuer will promise to pay you back, with fixed interest, over a period of time that can range from months to 20 years, depending on your bond agreement.  The great thing about bonds is that they are consistent.  When you invest $10,000 in a bond with a fixed interest of 5% and a maturity date of 2 years you know that in 2 years you will have re-couped your investment as well as $500 in interest.  The disadvantage is that normally the amount of money that you can gain through investing in bonds is a low rate of return and unless you have the ability to invest exhorbitant amounts of money you will not receive a quick, and lucrative return on your investment.
In addition to bonds investing for beginners, and those that are looking to build capital through long term investments, mutual funds are a great way to make money.  Mutual funds are investments where an investor will contribute a certain amount of money into an investment pool.  The money collected from numerous individual investors will be used by a fund manager to invest in certain stocks and commodities.  When investing in mutual funds the investor will have the option of choosing mutual funds that deal with energy stocks, commodities, entertainment stocks, etc.  One of the great advantages of investing in mutual funds is that you can trust your money to an experienced and successful fund manager.  The disadvantage of entering into mutual funds is that you have little to no input into what specific stocks and commodities your money will be invested in.  You are putting your money in the hands of an expert and you will not be able to go at it on your own.
Yet another way to make money is to invest in real estate.  How to make money in real estate requires, not only extensive research, but a lot of capital.  Putting money into real estate is a great way on how to make money.  When doing this you should do your homework.  Find out what neighborhoods are up and coming, if the property values are lower than should be expected, possible business developments that may come into the neighborhood, among others.  One of the best forms of real estate investment is through auctions.  Especially in the current real estate environment where mortgage rates can be as low as 4% and housing prices are the lowest in 31 years.  Here is where all the work in building your credit comes in handy.  In order to take advantage of the extremely low mortgage rates your lending institution, especially in the wake of the housing crisis, will severely scrutinize your credit.  If you have bad credit you may have to pay high interest, or even worse, be denied a mortgage all together.  Buy homes and real property that need a little work.  The best way to make money in real estate is to turn a “fixer upper” into a valuable piece of property that will attract high income home buyers.  When you do this be wary about the surrounding neighborhood.  If you spend a good amount of money investing in property and even more turning the property into an even more valuable asset it could still be useless if the surrounding neighborhood is in shambles.  Another great way to make money in real estate is to pool your money with others.  If you have 10 people who are willing to invest $20,000 a piece a mortgage may not be necessary and a joint tenancy or tenancy in common can be created.  Real estate has been traditionally a very lucrative and stable way to make money.  In light of the housing crisis peoples opinions have changed but it should still be deemed a consistent profitable way to make money.

FOREX Trading

FOREX TradingWhat is FOREX Trading?

FOREX Trading is a manner in which activity involving the Trade and Exchange of Foreign currency is commonly referred; FOREX Trading is considered to be one of the primary methodologies and genres with regard to trading and investing – however, unlike the stock market, FOREX Trading does not involve stocks, bonds, or mutual funds, but foreign currency.
Similarly to valuation trends and behaviors latent within the stock market – with regard to the respective valuation and worth of individual stocks – currency and monetary systems in circulation are subject to that same value fluctuation; FOREX Trading is the industry of examining and investigating the FOREX Market with the hope of rendering financial gain through investments.
FOREX Trading Crimes
Typical FOREX Trading crimes may include FOREX Scams, which may mirror stock market investment scams in their implicit nature; financial crimes of this sort might prey upon individuals eager to turn a profit in a quick fashion – as a result, a substantial fee may be initially requested with the promise of an even larger return:
FOREX Scams
On one hand, the FOREX Market mirrors the trading of stocks; the fluctuation of valuation, trends, behaviors, and rates are constant. On the other hand, certain crimes latent within stock trading are less likely to occur with FOREX Trading; although insider trading may exist in the midst of a FOREX Trading agreement, the fluctuation of FOREX rates are determined upon the economy of a specific nation or country in lieu of a single company – unlawful tips in the form of insider trading are more accessible in the realm of a single company in contrast with a nation’s government.
Illegal FOREX Hedging
Although hedging FOREX investments is not innately illegal, the Hedge-based FOREX Trading Scams are illegal. The scams involve preying upon investors with a smaller amount of capital by soliciting funds though fraudulent reporting of returns; the funding funneled in from investors with smaller amounts of capital is circulated to individuals with larger amounts of investment capital – this illegal activity is conducted upon the investment firm engaging in multiple, hedged investments that allow for financial gain in concert with financial losses.
FOREX Trading Legality
FOREX Trading is a highly-specialized financial field, which is subject to all expressed and applicable legality latent within activities rooted in financial exchanges. Many of both the crimes, as well as the legal statutes implicit within the stock market and investments are applicable to FOREX Trading operations. FOREX Trading operations will be subject to any or all financial investigations undertaken by the presiding government of the country or nation; these investigations may take place on a variety of levels with regard to applicable legislature and legal statutes:
FOREX Trading fraud – akin to the bulk of investment fraud – is considered to be a nature of financial fraud, which allows for a variance in applicable legal jurisdiction; while certain financial crimes may be prosecutable by local and state governments, FOREX Trading fraud occurring on a larger-scale may reside under Federal jurisdiction
Individuals interested in engaging in FOREX Trading ventures and operations are encouraged to consult with legal professionals specializing in finance and international law; a legal background of this type will allow clientele to be privy to any or all implicit statutes and legal procedures latent within commercial ventures existing on an international level

What Are Municipal Bonds

What Are Municipal BondsWhat are Municipal Bonds?

A municipal bond is a bond or fixed-income financial instrument that is issued by a city or a local government body and their coordinating agencies. Potential issuers of municipal bonds include the following local areas: cities, counties, special-purpose districts, redevelopment agencies, public utility companies or districts, publicly operated airports and seaports, school districts, and any other entity that is intertwined with a locality’s government.

Municipal bonds are offered by the locality or government body to help fund a particular project and raise money to pay-off expenditures. The bonds can come in two forms: general obligation bonds or secured investments that are backed by specific revenue streams.

In the United States of America, municipal bonds offer their holders interest income that is typically exempt from federal income tax as well as the income tax of the state in which the bond was issued. That being said, some forms of municipal bonds (depending on what purpose the bond serves, meaning what the money gathered is used to fund) are not tax exempt.

All forms of municipal securities consist of short-term issues (typically referred to as notes) that contain a maturity schedule of one year or less and long-term municipal bond issues (typically known as bonds that contain a maturity period of more than one year). The short-term varieties are typically used by an issuer to raise money in anticipation of future revenues such as taxes, aid payments, while the issuance of long-term bonds is used, to cover irregular cash flows, to meet unexpected deficits and raise immediate capital needed for projects until a long-term source of financing can be secured.

Municipal bonds are issued by underlying agencies to finance the infrastructure needs of the issuing government body or municipality. That being said, the needs for each issuer will vary greatly; some municipalities use the revenues obtained from the municipal bonds to fund streets and highways, or hospitals, schools, power utilities, and other various public projects.

Types of Municipal Bonds:
General Obligation Bonds: These types of bonds possess interest and principal payments, which are secured by the faith and credit worthiness of the underlying issuer. These types of bonds are typically supported by the issuer’s ability to implement tax levy on the underlying public. As a result, of the inclusion and relationship of taxation, the general obligation bond is typically voter-approved.

Revenue Bonds: These types of bonds contain a secured principal and interest that is derived from the town or jurisdiction’s ability to charge rent from the facility or project that the proceeds of the bond will go towards to, as well as the money obtained from tolls. The finances obtained from these bonds are used to fund projects such as: roads, bridges, water and sewage treatment facilities, subsidized housing, hospitals, and toll roads.
Holders of Municipal Bonds:
Holders of municipal bonds purchase the fixed-income investments directly from the issuer on the primary market or from other bond holders after the original issuance (on the secondary market). In exchange for an investment of capital, the holder of the municipal bond receives periodic payments composed of a portion of the invested principal and interest payments.
The repayment schedules attached to the municipal bonds will vary based on the underlying agency and the type of municipal bond. Municipal bonds typically pay interest semi-annually; shorter term bonds pay interest only until maturity, while longer term bonds are amortized through the annual delivery of principal payments. Zero-coupon or capital appreciation bonds; however, will accrue interest until maturity at which time both the principal and interest payments become due.

Understanding Security Management

Understanding Security Management

What is Security Management?

Security Management is the administrative process of the management and cultivation of securities, which are financial instruments that undergo trade and exchange within the realm of the public, commercial market – Security Management activities latent within this market rely heavily on the authentication, authorization, purchase, and general transactional activity undertaken by publically-traded securities.

Security Management differs from traditional money management, due to the fact that securities cannot be used as currency within a commercial setting; this means that while securities can be traded and exchanged within the setting of a financial market, individuals in possession of securities are not permitted to use securities as legal tender.

The Role of Security Management

Within individual securities exists an individual monetary value, which is valued both as per its immediate value, as well as its eventual value; eventual value with regard to securities exists as a result of the capacity for the increase or decrease with regard to its valuation.

Individuals or services specializing in the field of Security Management will be well-versed in the methodology of interest with regard to measures, ideologies, and strategies latent within the Security Management industry: While securities do retain an immediate valuation, they also retain an eventual – or prospective – valuation; the differences between these type types of valuation is vast

Immediate valuation represents that inherent value of the security in the event of its redemption; the eventual value is facet that typically taken into further consideration with regard to Security Management strategies – as a result of accrued interest or a decrease in valuation, securities are subject to increase, decrease, or stability with regard to future value

Security Management and Security Transfers

An activity that is commonplace with in Security Management strategy is the notion of transfer undertaken by an individual security; as a result, the receipt of a security certificate allows for the conveyance of legality within an individual transfer.

A Security Certificate is required by the SEC in order for the completion of the process; the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the governmental body responsible for the oversight of all transfer and activity with regard to securities – this requirement is also imperative with regard to approval of the SEC with regard to the transfer of individual securities.

Security Management Legality

Security Management can be a vital resource with regard to investments, trades, and exchanges of both stocks, as well as securities; however, within the realm of the open stock market, there also exists a wide variety of legality and strict stipulations to which must be adhered. Prior to signing any legal documentation or paperwork with regard to the undertaking or contracting of the services of Security Management, individuals are encouraged to consult with an attorney who specializes in business, finance, employment, and contracts.

As a result of the legal acumen provided by a skilled attorney, a contract for the hiring of a business management consultant will retain the optimal benefit for both parties involved in the agreement.

 

What You Didn’t Know About Exchange Rates

What You Didn't Know About Exchange RatesWhat are Exchange Rates?

Exchange Rates are rates that are applied to currency; currency is another classification for the wide range of monetary systems in circulation. Exchange rates are defined by the innate value of an individual currency with regard to others in circulation. Currencies maintaining higherexchange rates may allow for an individual acquiring that currency – in exchange of another currency – to receive a larger amount of a currency with a higher exchange rate. Conversely, currencies with lower Exchange Rates may allow for a subtracted amount of that currency received upon exchange.

A Practical Example of Exchange Rates

Although seemingly complex, Exchange Rates can be explained in far more simpler terms:
A Scenario Illustrating Exchange Rates
On April 3rd, 2009, the following illustrates the Exchange Rates shared between the United States Dollar (USD) and the Indian Rupee (INR):
One United States Dollar, which will be referred to as ‘USD’, is equivalent to 49.89 Indian Rupees – Indian Rupees will be referred to as ‘INR’ for the purposes of this example.
In the event that an American traveled to India and wished to exchange the USD – with regard to applicable Exchange Rates – for the INR – approximately 50 INR were equivalent to 1 USD; upon exchanging 5 USD, the American traveler would expect to receive approximately 250 INR.

On May 7th, 2010, the following illustrates the Exchange Rates shared between the United States Dollar (USD) and the Indian Rupee (INR):

That same American traveler wishes to return to America on May 7th, 2010, whereas the applicable exchange rates between the USD and the INR had since declined subsequent to April 3rd, 2009; the then-current exchange rate was 45.41 INR for every USD.
Upon exchange the initial 250 INR with the hopes of receiving 5 USD, the American traveler will find that as per the actives exchange rates in India, 250 INR is equivalent to 227.05 USD; 23 USD less than the initial amount possessed.

Uses for Exchange Rates
As per the previous example involving the fluctuation of exchange rates, individuals undergoing currency exchanges with regard to international monetary systems are subject to either gains or losses with respect to the applicable exchange rates; as a result, the following activities have arisen in conjunction with the notion of exchange rates:

Exchange Rate Trading (FOREX)
Akin to the act of investing and trading stocks, the act of trading currency is similar in the implementation of value fluctuation with regard to rendering financial losses or gains. FOREX, which is a colloquialism for the term ‘foreign exchange’ is the systematic activity of exchanging various forms of currency within a setting of a commercial market. 
Foreign Exchange Market (FOREX Market)
Existing both in physical and virtual forms, the marketplace used by traders is commonly referred to as the FOREX Market; with regard to the dynamic of exchange rates, international currency is exchanged between individuals interested in the monitoring of the behavior of that currency – in conjunction with the stock market, there exist a wide variety of observable trends and patterns with regard to the valuation of foreign currency and exchange.

What Are The Types of Tax Fraud

What Are The Types of Tax Fraud

What is Tax Fraud?

Tax Fraud is classified as the purposeful,unlawful criminal act committed by an individual – or entity undertaken in with the intent of avoiding the satisfaction of taxes owed to the Federal Government Department of Taxation or the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).Tax Fraud is a nature of fraud in which the perpetrator conducts illegal, unlawful, fraudulent, and typically clandestine activity in order to avoid the payment of taxes applicable to – and expected of – the business or commercial operation in question.

Types of Tax Fraud

Tax Fraud can take place in a variety of methods; furthermore, the means undertaken by individuals committing Tax Fraud can range in their nature, as well:

Misrepresentative Tax Fraud

Misrepresentative Tax Fraudis defined as the purposeful act of misrepresenting the status of finances, income, or expenses in order to intentionally avoid the fulfillment of tax payment required by a specific individual or entity:

This type of Tax Fraud can take place in the event that an individual not only misrepresents their respective, reported earning with regard to the fiscal year, but as a result, misrepresents the amount of tax payments owed; due to the fact that taxation is calculated by the earnings of an individual, a misrepresentation of earnings is corollary to a misrepresentation of expected tax payments

With regard to Tax Fraud, Money Laundering is the purposeful concealment of earnings through the facilitation of masking endeavors undertaken with regard to the accurate portrayal of detailed earnings; money can be laundered upon misrepresenting both the sources of income, as well as the whereabouts of that income

Falsified documentation involves the purposeful and fraudulent misrepresentation of financial records undertaken to mask the true amounts of income and resources with regard to tax fraud; illegal falsification of documents is typically employed in order to conceal accurate financial reports

The usage of offshore – or international – banking accounts is typically undertaken by individuals laundering funds or monies into untraceable or hidden bank accounts existing in other countries or nations; this type of tax fraud is typically undertaken in order to conceal the true amount of earnings, funds, or monies in possession in order to commit tax fraud – skewed earnings reports typically result in inaccurate tax payments

Tax Evasion

In contrast to Misrepresentative Tax Fraud, the nature of Tax Evasion is defined as the intentional and deliberate criminal activityundertaken by an individual – or entity – with the intent of defrauding the Federal Government by completely avoiding the fulfillment of taxes owed; while certain methods of tax evasion may be undertaken with regard to Misrepresentative Tax Fraud, certain cases involving Tax Evasion may be employed to avoid the satisfaction of taxes altogether:

Unemployment Fraud is not uncommon within the realm of criminal activity attributed to complete tax evasion and tax fraud; individuals may continue to collect unemployment benefits while maintaining additional employment classified as ‘Off of the Books’ – this classification is result of the absence of reporting earned income rendered from a particular act of employment

 

What to Know About Yield to Maturity

What to Know About Yield to Maturity

Yield To Maturity
Yield to maturity, also known as the redemption yield of a bond, is the internal rate of a return that an investor will receive upon the maturity of a privately or government issued bond.  A bond is a debt security where the  authorized issuer owes the holder a debt.  Unlike stocks–which are equity–and give the shareholder a stake in the institution, bonds are treated like a debtor/creditor relationship where the debtor is the institution selling the bond and the creditor is the individual who purchased the bond.  A bond does not give the debtor any interest in the institution, but instead, obligates the debtor (issuing institution) to pay the creditor (holder) interest, in the form of a coupon, until the bond reaches its maturity.
Yield to maturity is calculated by an A.P.R. (annual percentage rate) but the interest is actually dispersed in a semi-annual basis in which the debtor will receive a coupon, consisting of the percentage of the face amount plus interest.  For example, if a 10 year bond is sold with a face amount of $100 at 10% Yield to Maturity that means that every 6 months the debtor will receive a coupon of $5.50 (The $100 face amount + $10 (the interest accumulated over the 10 year life of the bond) / 24 (the number of coupons that are distributed over the 10 year period).
When looking at bonds you will want to know the basics defining certain aspects of a bond:
FACE AMOUNT: The amount that the bond is worth on its face.
ISSUE PRICE: Is the amount of money that the debtor pays for the bond.  The issue price is not necessarily the amount that the bond is equal to.  Often bonds are sold at a discount where a debtor will buy a $100 bond for $75.  Upon maturity the debtor will receive $100 plus interest.
MATURITY DATE: This is the amount of time it will take for the bond to mature to the face amount.  Bonds that have a maturity date of less than one year are not necessarily bonds and are referred to as Money Market Securities
COUPON: This is the amount that the debtor will receive on a semi-annual or annual basis, depending on the bond, The Coupon signifies the payment of the creditor to the debtor in compliance with the bond agreement.
Yield to maturity rates depend on a number of factors including the current market rates, the term length and the overall creditworthiness of the issuer.  Typically the longer the bond maturity length the higher the yield to maturity will be.  On the same note, the more stable the issuer the less the yield to maturity rate will be.  United State Treasury Bonds are considered to be one of, if not the most, stable bond an investor can purchase.  The return on your investment is practically guaranteed and for that reason the coupon amount and the yield to maturity will be lower.

Attorneys, Get Listed

X